Biology of resilience in plants is one of the most important research areas in plant and agricultural sciences in the 21st century, as climate change, drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and other environmental stresses increasingly threaten global food security. The ability of plants to cope with adverse conditions is made possible through various resistance strategies, including tolerance, avoidance, and escape. In the tolerance strategy, the plant shows tolerance to stress factors by utilizing a set of mechanisms, while in the avoidance strategy, the plant prevents direct exposure to stress through structural or physiological changes and continues to grow and develop despite being exposed to unfavorable conditions. The escape strategy ensures the plant's survival by completing its life cycle before severe stress occurs. From an evolutionary perspective, the first terrestrial plants, especially mosses and other lower plants, lacked advanced organs and mechanisms to avoid environmental stresses; therefore, their survival is mainly based on a tolerance strategy. These plants have acquired the ability to tolerate drought, freezing, or other severe stresses by reducing metabolic activities, accumulating some protective osmoticums such as the disaccharide trehalose, and repairing damage after the stress is relieved. With the evolution of plants and the emergence of vascular plants, avoidance strategies gradually expanded; in such a way that the formation of a cuticle, adjustable stomata, extensive root systems, leaf shedding, seed dormancy, and other morphological and physiological mechanisms provided the possibility of avoiding stressful conditions. Therefore, in many higher plants, stress resistance is based more on reducing exposure to the stress factors, while in mosses and other lower plants, stress tolerance plays a dominant role. Therefore, the evolution of resistance strategies in plants can be seen as a gradual change from “stress tolerance” to “stress avoidance”, although both strategies are still observed complementary in some modern plants. Some resistance mechanisms are constitutive and active before exposure to stress. In other cases, plants exposed to stress alter their physiology in response, thereby acclimating themselves to an unfavorable environment. The study of these mechanisms at different levels of biological organization, including whole plants, explants, and cell cultures, is of particular importance because plant responses to stress are the result of complex interactions between organs, tissues, cells, and molecular regulatory networks. In the meantime, physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies have attracted the attention of researchers around the world and Iran as one of the most important research areas. Environmental stresses usually lead to oxidative stress in plant cells, which results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Plants use some compatible osmolytes such as proline and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems to cope with these conditions and maintain their cellular balance by regulating gene expression and signal transduction pathways. In Iran, due to the extent of arid and semi-arid regions and saline soils, researches on biological bases of resilience in plants has gained great importance. Iranian researchers have also conducted valuable studies in the field of plant stress physiology and the discovery of plant resistance mechanisms to environmental stresses and the role of antioxidant systems in increasing plant tolerance. The results of these researches have provided a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of plant acclimation to environmental stresses in whole plants and in vitro culture, and have paved the way for amelioration the resistance of crops, medicinal and native plants to environmental stresses in Iran. With the advancement of omics technologies, systems biology, quantum biology, genome editing, and artificial intelligence, it is expected that interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches will provide a more accurate understanding of the regulatory networks related to plant resilience in the future, and will enable the development of new cultivars and varieties with greater resistance and stability to environmental stresses. Therefore, biology of resilience is not only a strategic scientific field for the world, but also for Iran, as a country facing the challenges of drought and climate changes, it will play a key role in achieving sustainable agriculture, increasing productivity, and ensuring future food security. Vahid Niknam, June 18, 2026 Haloxylon persicum Bunge is a shrub belonging to the Amaranthaceae family. Due to its high drought tolerance, it can be used for desert greening, desert area reclamation, and stabilizing sand dunes